ABSTRACT
Background: Pain is an unpleasant subjective sensation which can only be experienced and not expressed, especially in children. The primary reason to treat or prevent pain is humanitarian. Aim and objectives: To assess Ultrasound Guided Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric nerve block versus Caudal block for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing unilateral groin surgery in ASA grade I and II children. Materials and methods: Sixty patients aged between 3-12 years undergoing unilateral groin surgery were included. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of caudal block and ultrasound guided Ilioinguinal/ Iliohypogstric nerve block in terms of duration of analgesia, quality of analgesia and hemodynamic. Results: The mean age of two groups was comparable with Mean ± SD 4.67 ± 1.4 for B group and Mean ± SD 4.7 ± 1.34 for C group, which was statistically not significant. In the present study, major number of cases came for herniotomy being 47% of total cases in both groups followed by high ligation 27% in US II/IH nerve block,23% in cauadal group, and orchidopexy 27% in II/IH nerve block group and 30% in caudal group. Mean duration of surgery of B group was 28.17±8.56 minutes, and for C group was 29.67±8.60 minutes. The difference between the means was statistically not significant (P>0.05). The baseline, intra operative heart rate changes between two groups were comparable and were statistically not significant and therapeutic interventions were not T. Ravi, N. Dheeraj Kumar, Bhrungi Shireesh Kumar. Ultrasound guided nerve block versus caudal block for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing unilateral groin surgery. IAIM, 2016; 3(9): 115-125. Page 116 required. There was no significant difference in quality of analgesia in both groups with P-Value >0.05. Duration of Postoperative analgesia is comparable in both the groups with Mean±SD values being 4.95±0.51 for B group and 4.78±0.49 for C group which is statistically not significant with PValue being >0.05. Conclusion: Ultrasound guided Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric nerve blocks is an ideal procedure for unilateral groin surgeries in children, regarding quality of analgesia with less pain scores and duration of analgesia is comparable with that of caudal block, with lower volume of local anesthetic.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, comprehensive stress testing of amlodipine (AM) was carried out according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A(R2) guideline. AM was subjected to acidic, neutral and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal stress conditions. The drug showed instability in acidic and alkaline conditions, while it remained stable to neutral, oxidative, light and thermal stress. A total of nine degradation products (DPs) were formed from AM, which could be separated by the developed gradient LC method on a C18 column. The products formed under various stress conditions were investigated by LC–MS/MS analysis. The previously developed LC method was suitably modified for LC–MS/MS studies by replacing phosphate buffer with ammonium acetate buffer of the same concentration (pH 5.0). A complete fragmentation pathway of the drug was first established to characterize all the degradation products using LC–MS/MS and multi-stage mass (MSn) fragmentation studies. The obtained mass values were used to study elemental compositions, and the total information helped with the identification of DPs, along with its degradation pathway.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to determine antibacterial effect of leaf and bark extracts of Pimenta dioica (Linn.) Merill (Myrtaceae) and Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) against drug resistant clinical isolates of urinary tract infection viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Agar well diffusion method was employed to assess inhibitory activity of leaf and bark extracts. Among extracts, bark extract of P. dioica and leaf extract of A. occidentale exhibited high inhibitory activity. The bark extract of P. dioica showed high inhibition of clinical isolates than other extracts. Among bacteria, E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae were inhibited to high and least extent respectively. The inhibitory potential of extracts could be attributed to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites. Isolation of inhibitory principles from crude extracts and their inhibitory activity against UTI pathogens are to be carried out.